Assessment of Selected NGO Participation in Community Based Solid Waste Management:A case study of Sonadanga Residential Area

Chapter one

1.1 Background of the study

            When a useful material good reaches the end of its life cycle, it losses its economic value and turn into waste. Nearly half of the world’s growing population lives in urban areas, causing enormous pressure on the local environment. Particularly in the large agglomerations of the developing countries, inadequate waste management is causes of serious urban pollution and hazard. Industrialized economies are facing an ever-increasing load of waste and declining landfill space to dispose of these materials. Sustainable management of waste with the overall goal of minimizing its impact on the in an economically and socially acceptable way is a challenge for the coming decades.  

 Khulna is a typical city in Bangladesh faced with growing urban environmental problems. Global concerns for urban environmental pollution are increasing day by day. The rapid growth of population and urbanization has witnessed depletion of non-renewable energy and the dumping of effluents and toxic wastes in water bodies are some of the major environmental issues posing threat to the existence of the human beings. The effects of environmental pollution are already visible in Bangladesh. Overloading of natural surface waters with pollutants has resulted from indiscriminate and unplanned urbanization and industrialization. However, the concern of pollution has created awareness on the need to control the environment. Community organization is an essential element in ensuring the effectiveness of the solid waste management in Khulna city and increasing the likelihood of its sustainability. The major activities of community organization process will be participatory appraisal, awareness and motivational campaigns and the establishment of waste management committees. Solid waste management (SWM), today is considered to be one of the most immediate and serious problems of environment, confronting urban local government in developing countries. Long experience states the failure and inefficiencies of local governments by hundred’s of year in SWM. Khulna is the third largest and metropolitan city in Bangladesh. The significance of the city is increasing day by day for its socioeconomic role, which helps to the overall development of Bangladesh.

 The solid waste management (SWM) of Khulna City is an acute problem. The roads and streets are remains dirty and creating serious environmental pollution. The study reveals that there are about 411 tones wastes are generated in Khulna City daily. It is time to take necessary actions to overcome the solid waste management problems and make a sustainable solid waste management system for Khulna Metropolitan City. As the local Govt. failed to manage the solid waste, community participation is necessary for better addressing of this problem. Community is used here to mean the people of local administrative unit, such as the municipality or of local urban or rural area, such as people of a particular neighborhood (Mahalla). The focus of the activities is on urban areas to develop with local residents tools and means for their own development enabling them to improve their living condition, the environment and to create employment as a sound economic base for their future. Addition to this, it aims to play the role of small enterprises and their contribution to the provision of urban services and their integration in the municipal services. Waste management is inextricably linked to economy, as waste is defined by its relative economic value. Waste management is likewise linked to ecology, as left on its own waste is likely to affect the environment and its also a social issue, as waste is mainly a social construct (what is perceived as waste depends to a large part on life-style and social rank) and it raises the questions about the responsibilities of individuals towards society. 

1.2 Objectives of the study

-  To find out the existing solid waste management system of the study area.

-  To assess the effectiveness of the solid waste management through NGO participation. 

- To make provision for sustain development of NGO participation on solid waste     management.

1.3 Statement of problems

                               Present Solid Waste Management (SWM) system of Khulna City consists of three components -collection, transportation and disposal. Solid waste of Khulna consists of domestic, industrial, commercial, others. Khulna City Corporation (KCC) has no organized solid waste collection system. The community bin (CB) system of collection is not being practiced by KCC.  The KCC has a fleet of 15 garbage trucks; De sleazing vacuum tractor 2& tractor 3.The estimated SW in KCC area is 411tonne/dayfor the year of 2000(KDA Master Plan, 2001).  About 29%of the households in KCC area store solid waste in the dustbin provided by KCC and remaining 71%have no fixed place for waste storing facilities. There are 550 no. Of dustbin are provided by the KCC to store waste (KDA Master Plan, 2001). The daily collection efficiency is only 23% of the volume of generated waste in KCC area. There are 62 no of hand cart and 61 no of rickshaw are involved to collect the waste (KDA Master Plan, 2001). In the budget year2000-2001 conservancy budget is amount of Taka 3,50,00000. A total of 356 cleaners distributed in KCC work for cleaning the city. In present, there are 379 workers are engaged in conservancy department for collection and disposal of waste (Rahman, 1999). There are no specific rules regarding placement of the dustbins. In the prevailing system of collection, households are supposed to dump their solid wastes in the CBs.When CBs are placed at far locations, households usually throw their garbage at any convenient point like road, ditches, ponds, lakes or surface drains. The present system of solid waste management by KCC has been regarded as inadequate and inefficient As a result, accumulation of large amount of uncollected wastes produces strong offensive odor and pollutes the air. It also acts as a breeding ground for mosquitoes, flies and other insects, which affect living environment. In a word, the present method of collection and disposal of solid waste by KCC is very inefficient.

The total as well as per capita / day collections of municipal waste by city corporations and municipalities are shown in Table no1:3:1. It may be observed that per capita / day collection of solid waste in the administrative division in Bangladesh. The per capita waste collection in Bangladeshi cities for disposal is far lower than the waste generation rates of 0.51 Kg (Sumon, 2000). The total waste generation in urban centers is estimated to be 1.5 to 2.0 times the waste collected by municipalities. 

Table: 1:3:1 estimated quantities of solid waste generated different divisional city in Bangladesh, 1991

Division	Estimated waste generation rate (kg/cap/day)	Estimated waste generation (ton/day)
Dhaka	0.5	2983
Chittagong	0.5	1310
Rajshahi	0.5	1107
Khulna	0.5	805
Barisal	0.4	185
Sylhet	0.4	102

                                                                    Source: Bangladesh environment, 2000, p-419

In the Khulna administrative division, estimated solid waste generation rate was 0.5 Kg/cap/day and estimated solid waste generation was 805 ton/day in the urban area in 1991 (table no. 1:3:1). A small proportion of 380 tons of solid wastes generated each day is transported to the disposal site. The projected amount of solid waste that is generated in Khulna City Corporation (KCC) is 411 ton/day during 2005 (Structure Plan, Master Plan and detail Area Plan for Khulna City, Volume II, 2001, P-174&132).

Half of the urban population in developing countries has no service for solid waste disposal. Globally, the amount of municipal community based solid waste produced is expected to double by the end of the century and double again before the year 2025 (Haque, 1998). Table no1:3:2 shows the quantities of solid wastes generated and collected in different cities of Asia.

Table: 1:3:2 solid wastes generated and collected in different cities of Asia.

Cities	Waste generation		Waste collection 103 ton/year
	Kg/capita day	103 ton/year
Mumbai	0.6	1150	1150
Bangkok	0.88	1800	1533
Kuala Lumpur	1.29	730	730
Singapore	0.98	1873	943
Beijing	1.59	3580	2983
Shanghai	0.87	2256	2256
Tokyo	0.54	4491	3417
Manila	0.5	1380	1140

Source: water supply and sanitation rural and low income urban communities, 2000, p-263

The present growth rate in urban centers varies between 3 to 8 percent in comparison to the annual average growth rate of 2.01 percent in Bangladesh (Sumon, 2000). The quantity of municipal community based solid waste generated in an urban environment has become a concern and the importance of efficient municipal solid waste management in the urban centers is being increasingly recognized.

1.4 Terminology and elements of solid waste management

1.4.1 Solid waste

A waste is a material that is thrown away or aside as worthless. It can be define as useless, unwanted and discarded materials coming from production and consumption.

Cointreau (1986), defined solid waste “encompasses all those waste which are neither waste water discharges nor atmospheric emission”.

According to WHO (1971), solid waste is defined as useless, unwanted or discarded materials and are not free flowing.

In city, it is called refuse. Refuse or solid waste is defined as all kinds of solid waste from a community may be termed as refuse or solid waste and its components include all putrescible and non-putrescible waste with the exception of human excreta. 

1.4.2 Waste generation

Involve those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and therefore, are thrown away as useless or gathered together for disposal.

1.4.3 On-site handling and storage

Activities associated with the handling, storage and processing of solid waste at or near the point of generation. On-site storage of solid wastes facilitates the collection process and at the same time minimizes the collection cost. Two type of on-site storage are possible

·         communal storage and

·         household storage.

In either type waste are storied using manually located portable bin, steel or plastic enclosure, or brick concrete fixed bin on the ground. Plastic or metal bin with a capacity of 70-100 liters are commonly used through the city of developed country. Fixed concrete communal bins provided on footway or verges at intervals of 50-200 meters are common in cities and towns of developing countries (Ahmed & Rahman, 2000). 

1.4.4 Collection

Activities associated with the gathering of solid waste and handling of the wastes after collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.

There are several method used for collection of solid waste.

Ø  Communal collection

Ø  Block collection

Ø  Curb-side collection

Ø  House-to-house collection

1.4.5 Communal collection

The householders carry their wastes to solid waste bins or similar facilities situated at specific locations and deposit waste there. Solid waste collection track visits these locations at regular intervals and collect and haul the accumulated wastes to treatment or disposal site. Success of this method, however, depends on the following factors:

Ø  The communal bins should be placed within reasonable distances so that public willing by carries their waste to the bin location.

Ø  The waste should be collected frequently to avoid accumulation of wastes, odour and fly nuisance.

Ø  The solid waste bins and surrounding areas should be cleaned properly.

Ø  Design of bins prevents ingress of rainwater that leads to leachate pollution and minimizes scavenging by birds and animals.

1.4.6 Block collection

The collection vehicle travel over a selected route at a specific time of a day, usually two or three days a week. The householder brings their waste and hand them over to the track laborer, who collect the waste in the vehicle and returns containers to the householder.

1.4.7 Curb-side collection

The house holders leave the wastes in container or disposal bags on the curb-side or on the footpath on a pre-selected day according to a collection schedule. The truck crews empty the wastes into the collection vehicle and return the container to the spot.

1.4.8 House-to-house collection

The householder store waste in a bin, basket or bag within their house premises. Waste collection workers collect the bin, basket or bag, empty it into the collection vehicle and return containers to the premises. The collection vehicle may be a hand/push cart, rickshaw van or a small vehicle that may be use to transport waste to a temporary storage site, or large track that may be used for transporting the waste to the disposal site.

1.4.9 Transfer and transport

Activities associated with the transfer of waste from the smaller collection vehicle to larger transport equipment and subsequent transport of the waste, usually over a long distance, to the disposal site.

1.4.10 Processing and Recovery

Those techniques, equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conservation products or energy from solid waste.   

1.4.11 Processing

The main purposes of processing of solid waste are

Ø  to improve the efficiency of solid waste management system;

Ø  to recover usable materials;

Ø  to recover conversion products and energy.

Several techniques that are used to achieve the following purposes.

Ø  Mechanical volume reduction (compaction);

Ø  Chemical volume reduction (incineration);

Ø  Component separation (manual and mechanical);

Ø  Mechanical size reduction (shredding);

Ø  Moisture content reduction (drying and dewatering).

1.4.12 Resource recovery

This is a general term to describe the extraction of economically usable materials and energy from the wastes. The process of resource recovery may be, in principle, classified into two groups

Ø  recovery by materials separation and

Ø  Recovery by materials conservation.

Resources recovery by materials separation can be done either through separation at the source or through mixed used waste separation at some central locations.

Materials conservation by the utilization of wastes in different form of material such as compost form newspapers or road paving materials from auto tyres.

1.4.13 Final disposal

Activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid waste including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site and residual substances from various solid waste processing plants that are of no further use.

The options available for disposal of solid wastes are

Ø  open dumping;

Ø  sanitary land filling;

Ø  incineration; and

Ø  Composting.

1.4.14 open dumping

Disposing of solid wastes in open dumps is the most common method used in developing countries. Much of uncollected solid waste are disposed on a similar manner.

1.4.15 Composting

Composting is the process of bacterial conversion of organic solid and semi-solid wastes into muck which can be handled, stored and transported without any adverse environmental effect and can be used as organic manure for improvement of soil quality and fertility. This process can take place in the presence or absence of oxygen. Compost system could be classified in three general basis, namely oxygen usage, temperature and technological approach. When oxygen usage has been the basis, the division has been aerobic and anaerobic. When temperature for the basis, the division become mesophilic and thermophilic. Finally, if technology is the basis the classification has been into “open” or “windrow” and “mechanical” or “enclosed” composting    

  

1.4.16 Re-Use

Reclamation of materials in its end-use form and its subsequent use in the same form. For example, soft drinks bottles that makes several trips from bottler or consumer and back again, where they are cleaned and refilled.

1.4.17 Recycling

Reprocessing of waste to recover as an original raw materials, for example, the still contents from tin cans and the use of glass cullet for bottle manufacture

1.5 Waste management scenario in Global concern

By the end of this century, more than 2 billion people will be without basic sanitation throughout the world. Some 5.2 million including 4 million children die each year from waste-related disease. Half of the urban population in developing countries has no service for solid waste disposal. Globally, the amount of municipal waste produced is expected to double by the end of the century and double again before the year 2025 (Nasimul Haque 1998).

            Today, efforts are being made to regard the entire global population as a single community sharing the global commons, and attempts are being taken to organize and coordinate global efforts toward sustainable lifestyle practices. The global campaign to clean up the world has been launched aiming to clean up 90 urban cities of the world (see appendix)

             Agenda 21, the blueprint for action towards sustainable global development adopted by all participating nations including Bangladesh during the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, sets the following goals and targets to achieve efficient and sustainable waste management system for urban cities.      

Goals for Urban Waste Management in Agenda 21

1.    All countries must establish waste treatment and disposal criteria and develop the ability to monitor the environmental impacts waste by the year 2000.

2.    By 2005, developing countries should ensure that at least half of the sewage waste waters and solid waste are disposed according to national and international guidelines

3.    By 2025, all countries world dispose of all waste according to international quality guidelines

By 2025, full waste services should be available in all urban cities

1.6 Solid waste management Context of Bangladesh

The cities and town in Bangladesh are under increasing population pressure due to migration of rural people to urban centers. The present growth rate in urban centers varies between 3 to 8 percent in comparison to the annual average growth rate of 2.01 percent in Bangladesh. The quantity of municipal waste generated in an urban environment has become a concern and the importance of efficient Municipal waste management in the urban centers is being increasingly recognized. It has been recognized that if proper waste management system is not taken for the growing cities and towns, it will cause degradation of the urban environment and severe pollution problems.

The municipal solid waste in the urban centers of Bangladesh generated mostly from domestic, commercial and industrial sources. The total as well as per capita / day collections of municipal waste by city corporations and municipalities are shown in Table 1.1. It may be observed that per capita / day collection of solid waste is related to the size of the urban centers and seasons of the year. The per capita waste collection in Bangladeshi cities for disposal is far lower than the waste generation rates of 0.51 Kg. In Calcutta, 1.8 Kg. In New York and 2.42 Kg. US national average. The lower rate of waste generation may be due to the fact that some of the wastes escape municipal collection and are dumped in the local low-lying areas. Moreover, extensive recycling of wastes in urban centers has contributed to the reduction of quantity of wastes for collection and disposal by municipalities. The total waste generation in urban centers is estimated to be 1.5 to 2.0 times the waste collected by municipalities.

Chapter two

Review of literature     

                               Waste has been issue of public concern ever since humans started to live in towns. Most European countries introduced legal regulations regarding waste management only in the second half of the 19^{th century}. A large number of reports produced over the last two decades highlighted different aspects of solid wastes in Bangladesh, particularly in the Dhaka, Khulna, Rajsahi & Chittagong. But only a very few of the reports and documents are about community based solid waste management. As to a researcher's knowledge there is no available documented case study on community based solid waste management in Khulna.Some survey reports completed in the past by Solid waste Management (SWM) look at the total solid waste generation of small shops and household in Khulna.APaper presented by Mr. L. C. Rayamajhi, Deputy General Manager, SWMRMC, at fourth Regional Workshop SWMRMC, October 31st and Nov.1st 1990, states that proper waste handling costs a lot of money which developing countries cannot afford and at the same time the people don't get direct output from it. Therefore, he further emphasized that SWMRMC should think about the cost involved in waste handling and a treatment system as a resource recovery process. At the same symposium, participants have come to a conclusion that " Community Participation being an integral part of SWMRMC's service approach should be fostered not only in regard to waste handling and waste disposal but also in reduction at source.

                 Study on the physical composition of municipal solid waste in Kathmandu, conducted by NESS Pvt. Ltd in 1990 revealed that the municipal solid waste composition has undergone drastic change in the last decade. Over the years, proportion of compostable biodegradable waste has declined significantly, while uncompostable organic waste fraction has increased. These features point to the fact that the municipal waste of Khulna can be best reused by transformation into solid waste fuel briquettes than by composting.  In other words the same fraction of waste is reduced in the landfill site for final disposal. This option can not only extend the life of landfill but also provide an alternative source of energy by utilizing unused waste product.

Ishwar P. Murarka (1987), “Solid waste disposal and reuse in the United States”.Volume-1 CRC press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, USA. In this book the author accentuate the type, source, quantities, disposal practice and facilities and reuse practices of solid waste. List down some of manufacturing industry and their generated solid waste and it’s types of amount.

Timmy Katyal & M Satake (1989),   “Environmental pollution” edited by Ray Kumar, published by J L Kumar, Anmol Publication pvt. Ltd. New Delhi-110002, India.

The solid waste management chapter of this book the author emphasized to the classification of solid waste; disposal of solid waste i.e. during year 1953 to 1955. the rapid spread of a virus disease of hog vesicular exanthema due to the hog feeding and typhoid fever, cholera transmit due to the open dumping. The solid waste management system suggested as utilization, recovery, reuse, recycling and avoidance of solid waste.

J. M. Dewn and K. N. Shudarshan (1996) “Solid Waste Management” DPH Management Series, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi, 110002, India.

This book the authors accentuate on the solid waste management regulatory frame work. The federal resource conservation and recovery act 1976. The law delegated the responsibility to the USEPA to develop guide lines for solid waste management. The actual implementation of the standards is largely a function of state law and local municipalities. It is provide source characteristics and technology of solid waste management as source reduction, recycling, composting, combustion and land filling.

Bangladesh environment 2000, an outcome of ICBEN-2000, BAPA Bangladesh Poribesh Andolon, Edited by M. Feroze Ahmed.

In the journal, the journalist Md. Mujibur Rahman & M.Ashraf Ali, edited waste management and environmental pollution in Bangladesh show up to the soliod waste management system, the composition of commercial, industrial and community based solid waste management. It is shows the real scenario of the solid waste of DCC and other major three City Corporation and its management system.

Iftekhar Enayetullah (1995), “A Study of Solid Waste Management for Environmental Improvement of Dhaka City” Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the thesis paper, the author noted on the solid waste management system at Dhaka City, variation of waste magnitude due to the collection of house hold waste in time dimension, physical and chemical composition of mixed municipal waste, transportation, disposal and recycling system of solid waste, sanitary land filling composting by the solid waste.       

Abu Sumon (2000), Developing A Sustainable Community Based Solid Waste Management System as an Alternative Option for Urban Communities. Urban and Rural Planning Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. In this thesis paper, the author emphasized on the solid waste management system as an alternative option for Khulna City. Here, the author shows the city’s solid waste management system that is performed by the City Corporation, NGOs and other management bodies as a whole basis. He also emphasized the community based solid waste management system which is better than the KCC and also provides the recommendation how to manage community awareness. He also consider on collection, transportation and dumping of the waste.     

M. Feroze Ahmed and Md. Mujibur Rahman (2000), “Water Supply & Sanitation” Rural And Low Income Urban Communities. Published by ITN-Bangladesh, Center for Water Supply and Waste Management, BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh. In the book, the chapter Solid Waste Management, the authors underscore upon the different type of solid waste and management system. According to them there are six part of the solid waste management system.

Ø  Solid waste generation: It is widely influenced by some factors as geographic location, season of the year, population characteristics, legislation, and people’s attitude and so on.

Ø  On-site handling and storage: It may be communal or household storage.

Ø  Collection of solid waste: it may be communal, block, curb-side and house to house collection. Some NGOs that are initiate to collection waste at Rajshahi, Dhaka and Khulna City Corporation.

Ø  Transfer and transport

Ø  Processing and recovery and

Ø  Final disposal    

1.5.3 Solid waste management system-experience of some Asian Cities

 Solid waste management system is not properly maintenance in Asian countries. It is now a global concern to protect environment. For proper management of solid waste and decreasing the environmental pollution recent in some Asian cities developed take some projects. Here also describes how many Asian cities are trying to solve the growing waste problem for better environment and betterment of life.

Civic Exnora, Project, Niadras, India

An Exnora was founded by M.E. Nirmol, a Branch Manager for the Indian Overseas Bank in Madras. In Madras, an organization called 'CIVIC EXNORA' can be found similar to Waste Wise of Bangalore. The solid waste thrust was begun through helping residents in elite and middle class areas to form Civic Exnora Units (Furedy, 1992, p. 48). The units adopt roads for cleaning and other improvements, such as tree planting. Collectors known as “street beautifiers” and who may be former waste pickers have been selected and trained to collect waste from households and either deliver them to municipal vehicles or deposit them to transfer points. They are paid by the households, through the street organizations. Households pay Rs. 15-20/- per month for this service. One street unit might collect Rs. 800/- each month; of this Rs. 600/- will go on wages, Rs. 100/- wili bc used to pay off bank loans, and the remainder will go into a sinking fund in case of defaults. The street units buy or rent bicycle carts for the collectors with ~small bank loans (Furedy, 1992, p.49). Street cleanups and regular street sweeping have also been organized in this way. There is discussion on expanding clean-ups and waste removal from slum and squatter areas, which would be financed by extra donations from well to-do-neighborhoods. More than 60,000 people are receiving house to house waste collection services on some 500 roads in about 80 neighborhoods organized by 150 Civic Exora units. The goal of social advancement for waste pickers, although not an initial concern, is becoming important in some areas. Besides the regular work basic literacy classes are arranged by some of the chapters. Exnora has also begun to promote source separation in some project neighborhoods. Experiments have begun in back yard composting.

According to Furedy (1992, p.49), the system can work effectively if most household keep up their payments. Where too many have defaulted the street unit has lapsed. In some cases, the breakdown has occurred due to Madras City Corporation's failure to pick up wastes from transfer points. As the Civic Exnora units have no means of transporting wastes to dumps, the transfer points rapidly become a nuisance without regular service from municipality (Enayetullah, 1995, p-18).

Home Garbage Pick, New Delhi, India

It is a private organization which at first venture for home garbage pick in India for collecting garbage from households. A Private company named “HOME GARBAGE PlCK" was lunched in August 1992 in New Delhi by a Retired Captain J.K. Verma. This organization collects solid waste from household and then transporting it to its own recycling center (Pandey, 1992).

This was door to door collection system. The boys move from door to door from 9 am to 2 pm everyday. The residents keep their garbage in polythene packets provided by the company and handover these packets to the boys. The residents have to pay Rs. 5/- in advance as a membership fee and a maximum of Rs. 40/- per month for garbage picking. The residents where satisfied with the efficiency of the company (Enayetullah, 1995, p-19).

Project Bandung, Jakarta, Indonesia

Decentralized community based composting in neighborhood has been carried out in Jakarta. Here, household were not asked to separate dry and wet wastes, but waste pickers engaged by the project collected waste, from transfer point composted the organic and sold the recyclable to waste dealers. Residues were returned to transfer points for municipal collection. A project named” ECOVILLES” has been under taken by the Center for Environmental Studies of Bandung Institute of technology. The main concept was from Professor Hasan Peorbo and his plan was to establish co-operative of former waste picker and collectors in different residential neighborhoods of a city they would short out recyclable and compost the organic materials in their settlement, leaving only useless residues to be picked up by the municipal staff and transported to the dumps. The project could not be implemented in Bandung since the municipality was not convinced of it practically (Enayetullah, 1995, p-19).

Cash in Trash, Project Sanjaun City, Philippines

A project of source separation of dry recyclable material in SAN JAUN city was introduced by the Metro Manila Council of Women Balikatan Movement, Inc. (MMWBW), a regional women's organization. Some of the members of MMWBM where worried about increasing solid waste management problem of Manila, as city authorities could do no improvement. The “Cash in Trash” project was first proposed by Leonda Comacho (now chairperson of MMWBM), as a pilot project in 1978. Registered “ecoaides” were equipped to by recyclable materials door to door (at set price) and to sell these to “eco-centers”. The project was carried by a government center but it was not successful.

In 1983, Leonardo Comacho initiated the San Juan “Linis-Gouda” (clean beautiful) project. At first they were unsuccessful to persuade the city authority but later on after having co-operation from the households, they were successful and avoided the failures occurred previously. One of most important part of this project was to execute the collection and trading through the existing waste dealers, not setting up new “redemption center". As an incentive to co-operation from the dealers and to reassure them that this project unlike the "Case in Trash” one works through the dealers, rather then try to by-pass them, the project organizer reached the markets for new kinds of waste coming from households and put the dealers in touch with prospective buyers. Thus the dealers were able to expend their scope of business. About 60% of the 18000 household of San Juan participated in this project and about 50 ton's of recyclable were collected per month without any harassment (Sumon, 2000, P-14).

Solid waste management: experience in Bangladesh

This section deals with the recent development in the solid waste management in Bangladesh. Community based solid waste management practice in Bangladesh is not properly except in all the urban are of Bangladesh. Peoples are not introducing about community based solid waste management. It is one kind of lacking about information and peoples are not aware about the bad impact of solid waste. This section also describes how Bangladeshi cities are trying to solve the growing waste problem for better environment.

Community based solid waste management in Khulna

At first PRODIPON started a community based solid waste management program in different area of Khulna city with the join venture of KCC with the help of ADB. By this time this NGO try to make awareness of people in various way such as seminar, pestering, tagging and campaign. This NGO collect waste from house to house then transport waste in the secondary dustbin which provided by the KCC. They have also treatment plant for composting. Others NGOs which working about community based solid waste management. The name of the NGOs is PRISM, RUSTIC, PROGOTI.GHOTI; ASHER ALO etc. Now community based solid waste management program in Khulna is a successful project.  

Community Participation in the Management of Solid Waste in Kathalbagan, Dhaka

Kathalbagan is a densely populated area of Dhaka City with narrow lanes and by lanes, waste bins could not be placed by the DCC according to the need of community in Kathalbagan due to lack of space and narrowness of lanes. Wastes used to be seen dumped on the lanes and by lanes, emitting bad smell from decomposing wastes and also from drains clogged with waste. As a result, the whole environment of the area had deteriorated. This promoted the local inhabitants to tackle the waste problem of their area by themselves.

In order to solve the waste disposal problem, the local residents initiated a house to house waste collection system privately and for this they purchased two rickshaws and modified it into a van. With the help of the local people and community participation these vans started collection of wastes from houses and disposing the wastes at community bin located at far distance at Mirpur road for collection by DCC. Each rickshaw van is manned by three persons. Initially this operation was limited to Bashiruddin road and Lake Circus.

Encouraged by successful collection of wastes and stopping of disposal of wastes on lanes, the service area of this operation is extended to Kalabagan 1^st lane and 2^nd lane on the South, Lake Circus on the North, Mirpur road on the West, and Green road on the East. These areas look much cleaner than other areas of the city.

At present this community based and participated waste collection system covers around 600-700 households and for the house to house waste collection system the community based organization "Kalabagan Smaj Kallyan Parishad” is collecting Tk. 10/- per month from each household. Presently there are three rickshaw vans in operation, which collects the wastes between 12 noon to 5 PM each day. Each vans makes three trips during the summer period, starting from May to August and two trips during rest of the year (Enayetullah, 1995, p-19). 

Chapter three

Methodology

                 To gather necessary information regarding the study, informal research was conducted to obtain both qualitative and quantitative data. This study took advantages of reports, documents, articles and other relevant materials. Solid Waste Management & other institutions involved in SWM. Carrying out this study required contacting many of the Government agencies, NGOs, local people of the Khulna.

Mainly the study developed into two phases.

i) Identification Phase

ii) Detailed Investigation Phase

During the identification phase it should collect many cases that are related to community based solid waste management. Received information’s were screened to determine which is appropriate to this study.  The activities on community management in urban area was found less intensive, from the available few cases on SWM on urban issues researcher prepared a brief report of three identified cases.

The criteria set for selection of the cases:

- Activities related to solid waste management through community participation.

- Activities that are links with NGO & GO.

- Research that is not in an experimental phase.

During the preparation of this research used a variety of instruments to solicit data.

3.1 Selection of the topic

            Waste is an inherent product of economic activity. Massive increase in material flows in the atmosphere, creating environ mental problems of skins and source. Solid waste management is now a global concern for better living condition of human. Solid waste management is relevant in directing the flow of some of the materials, especially heavy metals as essential ingredients of modern civilization. The overall goal of the topic selection is reducing the environmental impact by making community people awareness and a sustainable waste management system in the participation both public and private sector.   

3.2 Selection of the study area

The selected study area Sonadanga residential area ward no- 17 of Khulna city. It is planned housing in built up area with higher income households. Total number of households is 1334and total population 8416. To motivate and making awareness of the residential people is comparably easy because most of them are educated. Their economic condition is better. Data is available here because of NGO are already involve here to enhance community participation in solid waste management.

3.3 Map collection of the study area

            Map of the study area will be collected from Khulna City Corporation or Khulna development authority.

3.4 Reconnaissance survey

To make the clear concept about the frame work of the study and get the overall information about the study area, a reconnaissance survey was conducted. It was helpful to make a working plan and prepare a questionnaire for the dissertation. Attention was given to the physical settings, adjacent condition, and institutional involvement in reconnaissance survey. 

3.5 Secondary data

            Basically, literature and both published and unpublished information were reviewed in order to get necessary information for the study. Most the information from the secondary source can be utilize as basis for case analysis and interpretation. Since case is mainly dealing with SWM, the information and data received from SWM (an organization which is responsible for SWM in Khulna) is used to facilitate the study.

3.6 Primary data

            Valuable primary information regarding the selected case is gathered from key informants, executives, beneficiaries directly involved with study. The semi-structured guidance questionnaire can be developed to conduct interview, which was very beneficial to get information relevant to this study. Besides this direct observation and field visit of project site was done to get a clear picture of various aspects of the study and those relevant to social management. It helps to observe the actual situation and to know people's opinion about the study. It should be better to mention here that most of the people in that community should be fairly cooperative in answering the question.

3.7 Sampling procedure

3.7.1 Sampling unit

            This study will be conducted on livelihood condition of the rural people of the study area. . So the households of the study area would be the sampling unit

3.7.2 Sample size

            The sample size is determined by the following formula (Johnson Richard A et all, Statistics Principle and methods, second Edition, p – 346):

n₀ = p (1 - p) [z _a/2 /d] ²…………………………………………….(1)

Where n₀ = the sample size,

            z = the value of the corresponding to an area (1 - a)/2 from the center of standardized normal distribution,

            d = margin of error

            p = proportion of one of two characteristics in the population

When p was unknown, the maximum possible proportion value p = 0.5

If there is no logical estimate of p, the sample size can be estimated by letting p = 0.5.

It was assumed that the error margin 10 % (d = 0.1), z = 1.645 (90% confidence interval)

The initial sample size therefore

            n₀ = 0.5×0.5 [1.645 / 0.1]² = 67.650625

The sample size is adjusted by using the following equation

                      n = n₀/ (1+n0/N) ……………………………………………………. (2)

Here, n = total sample size

            n₀ = 67.650625 the initial sample size 

            N = N₁ = 1334 (Total household of study area)

 Total sample size, n = 67.650625/(1+67.650625/1334)

                                  =67.51325

3.8 Sampling technique

            For the study to obtain data / information about the population, Systematic Random Sampling will be selected. At first household would be divided into a group/cluster according to different hose types. Then this cluster would be surveyed by systematic random sampling method. A systematic random sample will spread evenly through the target population. Let X% unit would be select. The questionnaire survey would be conducted in following manner.

• First household survey randomly.
• Then maintain sequence as X^th…..2X^th…..3X^th…..4X^th household and so on.                                        

3.9 Data processing and interpretation

            All kind of collected data have been categorized, grouped and interpreted aiming at objectives of the study. Different statistical tools like pie -chart, bar diagram, correlation, mean etc. have used for study. All the data interpretated and analyzed to illustrate field oriented information that would be needed to get the exact picture of NGO participation of community based solid waste management.

3.10 Report preparation

            After interpreting all of data, the study will be presented in a draft report form necessary data, analysis and recommendation.