Impact of settlement pattern on rural electrification in Bangladesh: A case study of Jalma union of Batiaghata Upazilla
1.1 Background of the study
Continuous
support from the government and donor agencies and the people associated with
the programme and comparative transparent and accountable system of the PBS has
helped to set a high standard of performance for electricity circulation. But
the government, non-government organization, some other donor organization, and
some countries are varying much conscious to electrify the entire village.
However, still
now only about 25 % (LOI program-2005) of the total rural households of the
country get the electricity facilities through REB and the rest are depriving
of this service. Sometimes in the same villages, some of the people are getting
the electricity and some are not. In a general sense, it has been found this supplying
varies among settlement pattern. It is a
great regret for the country that still today REB is not supplying the
electricity to all the villages’ settlements and household of the country
because of their limited resources from Bangladesh Power Development Board
(BPDB). In supplying electricity, there may be a number of problems and
bindings from its production to distribution level. This happened because of their some restricted
schemes, village settlement, various
problems like inefficiency of production, shortage of equipment, technicians,
officials, manageable capability, system
loss etc. Yet REB is trying to supply the electricity. They are not able to
supply the electricity to all the villages. Somewhere they are supplying this
and somewhere not. Some settlements in the village are fully electrified and
some are not. Generally, most of the
household are willing to pay the electric bill. Still they are not getting
these facilities. Why does this discrimination arise? Why does some settlement
obtaining this facilities and some are not?
Among the different problems stated above, only
those matters related to settlement pattern have been discussed, for which some
villages gets the electricity and some are not. This study discuss mainly on
the aspects of the service giving provisioning of REB as well as village
settlements, their population distribution, living status, socio-economic view,
cost benefit ratio etc. Therefore, the study is going to find out the impact of
settlement that causes the efficiency
and inefficiency of electricity circulation and distribution in rural
settlements. Therefore, this study will encompass the impacts of those matters
of settlement pattern for effective utilization of the electricity provisioning
in planning perspectives.
Depending on the
problems statement the following four objectives are selected, and these are
given below:
- Identification of the settlement type (compact or
sparse ) in the study area
- Identification of various categories electricity
users and their location distribution in the study area
- Identification of the mechanism of electricity
distribution of REB.
- Assessing the status and efficiency of electricity
provisioning in rural settlement
1.3 Rationale of the study and study area
Over the time being government prepare
plan, invest a huge amount of money for electricity generation, and try to electrify
the country. The rural settlements are increasing day after day. As a
result, the limited land of the country needs to use in an effective way so
that the future generation of the country may not claim on any factor. The
options of those opportunities are such namely urban opportunities due to
settlement pattern of the villagers. REB is buying the electricity from the
BPDP at low rate and selling it profitable to the villagers. They are supplying
electricity depending on some rules and regulations. As a result, the
settlement in the villages should be in a manner to get the electricity. This study tried to identify those matters of
why some of the structures in the rural settlements are favorable for
electricity findings and why some are not. The study finds out those matters in
a sequential way to search the hidden causes. it has first tried to find out
the settlement pattern in the union then electrified and non electrified area,
then electricity distribution mechanism and finally the comparison of electrified and non electrified area due to compact and sparse settlement . Here
it also discusses the renewable electricity generation sources in case of
electricity missing of those households and how do it may reduce. The study
area has been selected for the following reasons:
þ
Majority of the of the population dependents on
agriculture which represents one of the
rural characteristics
þ
The road network of the union is moderate for
mobilizing the agricultural production.
þ
The side of the river kajibacha situates the Union and it links several khals and canals, which is one
of the symbols of the rural area.
þ
There are compact and sparse settlements in this
union.
þ
There are electrified and non-electrified
villages in this Union .
þ
In the electrified area, most of the users find
electricity from REB, Khulna
and some of the users use solar panel for electricity.
þ
There are a good number of source of electricity
generation indicator.
1.4 Description of the
Study Area
1.4.1 Location of Jalma Union and its existing situation
Jalma Union is
located to the southwest part of Khulna
district. Dumuria and Paikgachha Upazilla to the west; Dumuria & Sonadanga
Thana to the north; Dacope, Paikgachha & Rampal Upazilla to the south;
Rampal and Rupsha Upazilla to the east surround it. The side of the river
Kazibachha that is 10 km south from Khulna
city situates Batiaghata (Upazilla). On the west, there is Khulna – Chalna main road.
Area: Area of Jalma union is 46.2689 sq
km.
Population
Total: 36,981 people
q
Male: 19,018 people
q
Female: 17,963 people
Voter
q
Total :
22,453 people
q
Male :
11,457 people
q
Female: 10,996 people
Mouza: 18 in number
Village: 31
Amount of land
q
Cultivable land: 10,228.00 acres.
q
Uncultivable land: 1200.07 acres.
q
Single cropping land: 5,600 acres
q
Double cropping land: 3,500 acres
q
Multiple cropping land: 1,228.70 acres
Landless family: 1,900 in number
Literacy rate: 61% (approximately)
Local level institutions
There are two types of local level
institutions.
- Government Institutions
- Non-government Institutions
Government Institutions (GOs)
Several types of local level
institutions:
A.
Gram Parishad
B.
Union Parishad
C.
Rural Electrification Board
D.
Meteorological office
Non- Government Institutions (NGOs):
There are
several NGOs in this Jalma union. They work mainly on credit programmes, social
development, environment and disaster related issues. They are mentioned
bellow:
ASA, BRAC,
SHOMAJ PROGOTI SHANGSTHA, RUSTIK, POLLI DARIDRRO BIMOCHON FOUNDATION, NIJE
KORI, HEED, NNP, CSS, RUPANTOR, SHOVA, PRODIPON, CARE, BANOFUL (HORINTANA) and
MAYER AACHAL (SACHIBUNIA).
Tube well:
q
Total :
342
q
Shallow :
194
q
Deep :
148
Sanitary latrine : 4,010
Table 1.1: Existing physical infrastructure
in the Jalma Union
|
Instrument and organization
|
Number
|
|
Instrument and organization
|
Number
|
|
Household
|
6002
|
Bridge
|
10
|
|
|
Community clinic
|
2
|
Govt. primary school
|
10
|
|
|
Mosque
|
25
|
Resister primary school
|
10
|
|
|
Post office
|
4
|
High School
|
4
|
|
|
Fish firm
|
1
|
College
|
2
|
|
|
Bank
|
2
|
Madrasha
|
3
|
|
|
Bazar
|
1
|
Orphanage
|
1
|
|
|
Mondir
|
12
|
Open University
|
1
|
|
|
Church
|
1
|
University
|
1
|
|
|
Ashram
|
2
|
Ferry Ghat
|
1
|
|
|
River
|
1
|
Switch Gate
|
14
|
Source: Union Parisad Jalma, 2005
1.5 Limitations of the study
Among the various obstacles in
doing, it has following obstacles:
þ
The study does not mention any project for
electricity generation to fulfill the national demand, because it is one of the
major tasks of the government combined with bureaucratic complexities.
þ
There are mixtures of word. Somewhere it says
structures and somewhere as houses but in general, analysis of those two are
same. It is only used for unit determination.
þ
The overview of the study area is based on the
data analyzed in the study area through sample survey. Therefore, there may be
little lacking with overall situation and the sampled area.
þ
No deep analysis has performed inn the study.
þ
Sometime the words of the officials of different
organization have been taken as the secondary sources.
þ
The study has superficially watches the
equipment required for renewable electricity generation. Because these sectors
may be a complete research matter where may come huge problems and
possibilities respectively.
1.6 Literature review
R. P. Bhagat (1993) in his book “Rural Electrification and Development”
has tried to enclose electrification as an aspect of energy and its multi
purposive use as well as the problems and prospects of rural electrification.
The distribution of energy requirement for different sectors like agriculture,
small-scale industry, household etc has been found out in the section of Energy
and Agricultural Development with Special Reference to Electricity. Gradually
the development of rural electrification, supply and demand analysis of
electricity, rural electrification and irrigational development, prevailing
energy crisis and finally the threats and challenges of rural electrification
have been critically discussed in this book.
Defining
the electrified villages based on some criteria, the analysis of the villages
electrified by size and other factors has been done. The development of
electricity resources has also been encompassed in the book. The consumption
and different power development schemes have also been reviewed in his effort.
At
the end of the book, problems of rural electrification have come out as the
causes of failures of different schemes. Among the problems, emphasis has been
given on the discussion of unprofitable rural electrification schemes, over
dues of bill payment, negligence of agricultural sector, lack of organizational
and administrative coordination and seasonal variation etc.
Though R. P.
Bhagat has tried to include all the aspects of rural electrification, there are
much more sections which have been left from his discussions. After all, he has
gone through the electrifying aspects of India
especially the province Bihar for why there are some differences and gap while
these are subject to rural electrification in Bangladesh .
Hossain M. Moazzam (1999) in his
article “Electrification of Bangladesh : Problems and Prospects” describes
the economical infrastructure and
social infrastructure through the point of electrification in Bangladesh . He identified the
existing situation of electrification and made a good comparison with
production and distribution from the years 1972 to 1995.
He also has identified the sectors or
organizations who are distributing the
electricity among the rural, urban and other municipal areas. He has also portrayed
the system loss of electricity from its production to distribution and
circulation level. He has enlightened different electricity and power
development project and the projected amount of production.
According the
writer the production of electricity in Bangladesh is not so little in
comparisons with other countries. However, corruption in its distribution
system has hampered the effective electrification in Bangladesh . As result, the author
has criticized a little bit of their stealing the electricity where they are
trying to avoid this calling the system loss. Where the system loss in others
countries are not more than 5 to 15% there our system loss lies between 40% to
50% of its production.
At the end of
the article, he has provided some suggestions to adopt the electricity all over
the country.
Murphy. Rose, Kamal. Nuruddin and Richards. John
(2002), in their book titled “Electricity for All:
Electrification and Development in Rural Bangladesh ”
Describes the overall situation of the electricity in the rural Bangladesh .
There they show the general problems like Load Shedding, Operating
Inefficiency, System Loss and Financial Losses for the
electrification in the rural Bangladesh . It also presents the different Rural
Electrification Programme, achievements, and different supports, accounting
Indicators, electricity purchases, tariffs and connection costs and the
dissemination of the electricity financial Support for the REB and the PBSs.
Last of all, it describes the light future of the rural electrification.
Wahidul K. Biswas (2002) in
his paper titled ‘Bangladesh ’s Energy
Sector: The Past, Present, And Future of Renewable Energy Technologies’ has described
the sources of renewable energy in Bangladesh and its provisioning in
the electricity generation. He states that there are large opportunities for
electricity generation by the existing renewable energy technologies. According
to his study, the effective and efficient technologies can fulfill the national
demand of electricity. His mentionable sectors of renewable electricity
generation are wind, hydrological power, wind speed biomass and the solar
photovoltaic technologies. In one of the portion of his paper, he states the
government policies for electricity generation. Somewhere he also states the existing
power generation system, Power sector expansion plan, Rural Electrification
program; Private sector power generation policy of Bangladesh .He also represented
some experiences on electricity generation especially Solar photovoltaic technologies, Rural
Electrification Board, Local companies in solar projects,
Market Research of PV technologies.
Dr Biswas also presented different plants of
electricity generation and their different training programs researches and
adapted departments. Finally, he provided several arguments on behalf of the
renewable energy technologies to fulfill the national demand. He also search
out some lessons on RET for electricity generation.
2. Material and Methods
All technical
and logical study follows a system, run in a systematic way that is called
methodology. It reveals the entire process to
achieve the ultimate goal and objectives of the research in which various
stages or steps of collecting data, information are explained and the
analytical techniques are defined. The aim of this study is to develop a
standard methodology for the assessment of
rural electrification mechanism, acceptability by the rural household
and its efficiency against the rural settlement and other development project. It is expected that this methodology
is capable of assessing the stated objectives for the research work.
2.1 Conceptualization
In order to
complete the regarded research the total things was conceptualized first.
Conceptualization helps a great deal for the completion of the total work. It
also helps about all the aspects related with the research. It cooperates to
find out the answer questioning what, how. Who, when, why, whom etc. In assessing the location settlement pattern,
distribution, networking mechanism and problem assessment it gives a salient
view before starting the work.
2.2 Selection of the Study Area
Study area has selected tactfully to find out the effective
answer and achievement of the objectives of the study. Jalma union under the Batiaghata Thana of Bangladesh
has been selected as the study area. In this union, there are compact
and disperse or sparse settlement and electricity is provided somewhere and
somewhere not. It is not purely the remote area of Bangladesh . As this area may
provide a good comparison for achieving the goal so, it is selected.
2.3 Instrument Used in the Study
Most
of the time, it is observed that all the metallic and mechanical tools are
considered as the instruments for implementation of any work. However, on the
economic and socio-economic point of view, all kinds of literature and
organization that are helpful at the time of completion of the research are
also considered as the instrument. In this study Rural Electrification Board
(REB), and their technicians and supplying manuals, reports, journals, books,
survey etc act as the instruments of the work.
2.4 Determination of Sampling
Technique and Sample Size
A stratified,
specified, and random sampling technique has been applied as sampling
procedure. Total benefited and
affected households of the study area considered as the sampling unit and each
interviewed household is the respondent. The households or the organization
that are more or less benefited or affected also considered as the respondent.
Out of the related household, a household has been taken as the sample
respondent where numbers of households are the sum total of the total
analytical result. Samples have been stratified based
on eclectic pillar within its 100 ft radius of it. Occupational, power, accessibility, road
network, compactness of household, monitory structure of population, natural
calamity and some other related aspects with the work have also been considered
to collect the data. The sample size has been determined 96 based on the time
and working opportunity. The determination of sampling depends on the
qualitative and quantitative aspects.
The
respondents have been asked according to two strata 01) those that are affected
by non-electrification process 02) those that are benefited by electrification
process.
2.5 Preparation of Questionnaire
Questionnaire preparation is an important part of this
study. Firstly, draft questionnaire has been prepared and pre-tested by reconnaissance
surveying. Secondly, the perfect ness of
the questionnaire has been reviewed and a final questionnaire be prepared
for the overall study area. The
questionnaire detect the existing land use pattern, road networking, and
housing compactness their economic viability or compensation price given for
constructive electrification, quality and quantities aspects of settlement
etc.
2.6 Working Process and Survey Design
This study is
prepared based on both primary and secondary data. Data has been collected in
such a way so that it can provide a good out put of the objectives. It is not
strict; its variations came on the dependency on the reconnaissance survey of
the study area. Primary data has been used for socio-economic impact assessment
and evaluation of the relativity of the rural
settlement pattern and renewable energy sources and electricity
generation equipments and requirements
through sampling technique. Secondary has been used for the development
comparison with the settlement pattern and for the socio economic development
between the electrified and non-electrified area. In this study, 96 samples
have been taken.
|
|||||||||
2.6.1 Combination of
the works in the combined table as follow
2.6.2 Collection of Primary Data
Relevant primary
data has been collected from the sources of electric pillar both electrified
and non-electrified that means the proposed area for newly proposed for
electricity facility. In some exceptional cases to find out the renewable
sources of electricity generation stratified sampling, specified sampling or
clustered sampling techniques has been preferred. Three prime tools of data
collection are structured questionnaire, screening questions and checklist to
fulfill the objectives of the study. Several types of survey, such as
socio-economic survey, land use survey and some others type has been conducted
for the primary data collection.
2.6.2.1 Socio-economic Survey
By conducting
socio-economic survey, the existing socio-economic conditions, such as professions,
income, expenditure, education, land values of the household etc. data has been
collected. After collecting socio-economic data, all the information’s were
framed form for assessing the existing condition of the area.
For conducting
the research, land use survey is one of the major parts to assess the present
land use pattern in the study area. By land use survey, most of the structures
have been identified by a good investigation.
2.6.2.3 Observation
To be familiar
with the situation of the area it observed the area through a scientific view.
At this stage physical, economical and environmental condition of the area and
the over all life style of the people of that area was observed at a glance.
The most importance of this stage is to identify the existing land use of the
area.
2.6.3
Collection of Secondary Data
This is an
important issue of the study. All data and information’s have been collected from different Government and
Non-Government Organizations, Statistical report, articles, published material,
officials’ records and literature review that
are also necessary for getting secondary information. Organizations from
where data have collected are listed bellow:
·
Maps and Road Network → REB, Khulna ,
URP discipline lab Khulna
University
·
Population Census → Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics
(BBS, 1996, 2001).
·
Journals and papers relevant to the study →IBS
journal, library and internets.
·
Social information → Upazila Parishad Office, Union Parishad
office
2.7 Data Processing and Data
Analysis
Data analysis is
the nucleus of any study work. Today’s modern technology such as, Computer
assisted process and package are highly helpful to perform the data analysis
process. Computer software MS WORD, MS EXCEL, SPSS, Photoshop, GIS, and Erdas
Imagine have been used for graphical analysis and presentation. From starting
to end, the result of each criterion was identified in the input undergoing
method/system and output or resulted form. In this case, observation and
reconnaissance survey fixed up the variables inputted it processing subsystem
result.
RECOMMENDATION
Generally it is rarely possible to shift the existing forefather’s
houses. So the recommendations are for those who are newly constructing their
structures and where the shifting of the old structure will not create any
rapid change and huge losses:
þ The houses may be constructed around a yard where all the family will
have easy and similar access.
þ At the time of seasonal harvesting the households will mutually
cooperate with each other.
þ The electric pole and wiring may be set up by the cost of the users.
þ The latrines and the cattle shed of the households may be setup behind
the houses and combined access may be possible in case of any biogas plat
setup.
þ There may be HBB or pucca common road
which may be used in rough season.
þ The settlement may be protected by tree plantation surrounding it. It
will also protect a large number of houses as well as the electric set up.
þ As the area is regarded as one of the poor areas of Khulna
CONCLUSION
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